We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Cookie Settings Accept All. Manage consent. Close Privacy Overview This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website.
Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website.
These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Necessary Necessary. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly.
This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy. Download Free eBooks in Psychotherapy, Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis Readers from countries and territories around the world have saved on FREE downloads of classic psychotherapy books.
Top 8 Downloaded. Clinical Training IPI offers a range of clinical training options for those who wish to practice from a psychodynamic perspective. It helps to solve common problems easily Disadvantages of Group Counselling i.
Lack of freedom of expression ii. There exists a lot of disagreement and lack of information iii. Lack of trust which may cause some clients to avoid sharing their feelings, attitudes and values. It may be difficult to manage the group if the counsellor lacks adequate skills for group counselling.
It needs a bigger space vi. To a certain extent, it lacks confidentiality, so some students may not like it. There is a potential possible for psychological destruction as well as potential psychological growth Methods of Group Counselling Specific methods of group counselling according to Biswalo include: 1. Brainstorming: A short and clear statement on some real problems is presented to the students clients who get involved in an intensive discussion on the presented problem 2.
Case discussion: A specific problem is discussed with the group working as a team 3. Free Group Discussion: the group controls, while the counsellor observes and guides. Role Play and Simulation: students can demonstrate their problems by role-playing and imitating Group counselling goes through four stages, which are involvement, transition, working and termination.
Goals of Group Counselling i. To move towards authenticity and genuineness ii. To find ways of solving personal problems iv. To explain hidden potentials and creativity v. To become sensitive to the needs and feelings of others When not Recommended Group Counselling i.
When the client is in the state of personal crisis ii. When confidentiality is essential in protecting the client iii. If a client has unusual fear of public speaking v. If a client is ineffective in the area interpersonal relationship skills vi.
Listening: effective listening e. Being in the Lookout for Feedback: the counsellor should provide descriptive feedback and not evaluative feedback d. Linking: Linking points out the similarities between the experiences of various group members so as to encourage more interaction within the group. Using progress Skills: Asking group members what is happening or has happened during the session and then commend on the progress.
Williamson is the chief exponent. The counsellor assumes the major responsibility of solving the problem. Counsellor identifies, defines, diagnoses and provides a solution to the problem. Counsellor directs thinking by informing explaining, interpreting and advising.
Counsellor-oriented Emphasis is on the problem. The data needed for an adequate understanding of the problem the client is facing. Synthesis - interpreting and organizing data to reveal students assets, liabilities, adjustments etc. Diagnosis - identifying the nature and cause of the problem. To determine the effectiveness of the counselling given NB: In stages the counselor works without involvement of the client. The client comes after the prediction stage Merits Time saving and economical Gives happiness to the counselee as he gets a solution to this problem Emphasis is on the intellectual rather than the emotional aspect.
Counsellor asks a few questions, so as to think about the solution of the problem. Counselors who advocate eclectic or selective counselling believe that there are strengths and weaknesses in any counseling method. Begins with directive but switches over to non-directive or vice versa as demanded by the situation.
Name the types of counselling with their exponents. Differentiate between Directive and Non-Directive counselling. Why is Eclectic Counselling preferred to Directive and Non-directive counselling? You have received a client with whom you have learned that you can only help by using counselor-centred method.
Identify the stages you will need to go through to handle the problem. Each of these theories of counselling generates a set of techniques; a way of working that is consistent with that particular perspective.
Most counselling theories can be classified as psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive and Family systems Therapy. Classification of Counselling Theories There are several ways of classifying counselling theories. But in this course we are going to focus on only three major classifications. Directive or Non-Directive If the process is controlled and directed by the counsellor Counsellor- Centred it is directive.
If the process is directed and controlled by the client client-Centred it is non- directive. Insight-oriented or Action-Oriented Insight-Oriented is based on how people learn to change.
Do people learn by first understanding their current behaviour then learning to change that behaviour? Action-oriented is based on Practice. Do people learn to change by practising the new behaviour under the guidance of counselor regardless of their past and present understanding of that particular behaviour? Affective, Cognitive or Behavioural Approaches Affective approach to counselling focuses on the feelings and emotions of the clients.
Cognitive approach to counselling focuses on thinking or logical intellectual approach and behavioural approach focuses on the specific behaviours of the client. In this approach there are three major psychoanalytic perspectives; Freudian, Ego Psychology and Object Relations. These perspectives were delivered from the work of Sigmund Freud, the founder of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is the theory of counseling and personality development.
According to this theory counseling is a philosophy of human nature and a method of therapy. Psychoanalysis is the major influence of all other formal systems of counseling. All other theories are extension, modification reaction and borrowed the aspect of it.
The theory has the longest history in terms of counseling. The focus of the theory This theory pays attention to unconscious factors related to infantile sexuality in the development of neurosis. The theory based on insight unconscious factors that influence our behavior with the belief that the current behavior of any human being is influenced by the first six 6 years of life.
No negotiation to the environment because it is a biological need. No other component. The Ego: This is the psychological component. It is the part of human nature which attempts reality on the environment.
There is a contact with other external aspect. The ego controls and regulates personality, remaining in touch with reality while formulating plans of action to satisfy needs. Id, Ego and Superego work unconsciously but what we see is the human behaviour when the third part of the superego fail to adjust people into norms or values is when the person use Defense Mechanism.
Defense Mechanisms: are normal behaviours that help an individual to cope with anxiety. Defense mechanisms are physical or psychological coping mechanisms or unconscious behavior patterns that help an individual to maintain a favorable self-concept or avoid harmful event or action. It is a complex interplay of perception; stressful event the psychological meaning attributed to the mind; the physiological responses associated with that meaning.
Defense mechanisms are used to protect people themselves psychologically. Defense mechanisms also operate under unconscious levels. The mind monitors all external and internal environments by employing the use of variety mechanisms or active problem solving devices. It is shifting impulses from a threatening object to a safer or weaker object. Example 1: When the father is harassed by his boss can direct impulses to the children or wife at home. Example 2: a man who is angry at his sister, he breaks his drinking glass by throwing it against the wall.
People distort reality in order to justify something that has happened. Explaining away to justify a specific behaviour. So it is not a big deal I cheated this time. If I had wanted to try hard, I could have done it too. People refuse to accept or acknowledge anxiety-producing piece of information. People divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings or behaviours. Example 1: A person a person with strong feelings of aggression becomes a soldier.
Distract attention from the weaknesses. Psychological counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by emphasizing strength in other arenas. Example 1: Weak in school, excellent in sports, Class clown etc. Use childhood coping mechanisms. People behave as if they were at the earlier stage of development. Ubaya unalipwa kwa wema. Pretending Example 1: Wanting to look good and pretending to yourself that you are one of the movie stars you read about.
Example 2: Making up stories about how successful you are, rather than working on your success. Repression: Keep painful thoughts and feelings away from consciousness. Burying a painful feeling or thought from your awareness through it may resurface in symbolic form. Sometime considered a basis of other defense mechanism. Unacceptable or unpleasant impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.
Example 1: A woman is unable to recall that that she was not raped. Early abuse. You said that they hate you. Why do you think they do so. Silence has several meanings. It is wise to let the client assume responsibility for breaking silence when this silence is client initiated. Generally, this basic insight is still important, despite its reductionism, sexism, obsession with early childhood sexuality and other serious limitations.
A second major contributor to Existential theory is Rollo May who, like Frankl, developed his approach through extreme experience. The motive of the theory is to react against the system of viewing counselling in a well defined principles, techniques or formality. The theory suggests that counselling should be viewed on the basic foundation of human existence i.
In other words the theory focuses on the self-determination, the quality of person to person therapeutic relationship. The stress is on the subjective world of the client. The mandate is on the client. The counsellor should enhance self-awareness because the greater the awareness the more the freedom of choice. Others go to counselling because they have lost the meaning in their life. The counselor should help the client to realize the meaning of life. I THOU relationship e.
The relationship between the client and the counselor is the core factor in existential theory it should be strong to stimulate positive change. Hence counseling is creativity of the counselor. Counseling is not a liturgy. Presence plus respect. Carl Ranson Rogers Rogers developed the theory in as the reaction against psychodynamic and other directive theories the prevailing assumption that the counsellor knows best.
Client-centered therapy emphasizes understanding and caring rather than diagnosis, advice and persuasion. Effective therapist must be genuine, accepting and empathic. In this situation the client will be less anxious and more willing to reveal themselves and their weaknesses Biswalo, , p.
This theory is divided into 4 different phases: 1st Phase Non-directive approach It was known as non-directive approach and it focused on methodology. In this phase Rogers emphasized that the client knows better; so the counsellor is just the listener. He was against advising, suggesting, persuading, directing, teaching, diagnosing, and interpreting. Rogers, as the father of "client-centered therapy," said that the counselor is to be "nondirective" in the sessions.
His job is to reflect the counselee's responses back to him and, thus, set up a catalytic atmosphere of acceptance. The focus was on the client and not on the methods. In this phase there are three conditions in counselling i. If you experience problems you are not yourself because there is irrational thinking.
Hence this helps somebody to think rationally to become oneself. Try TheraNest Free. FREE for 21 days! No credit card required. Cancel anytime. Manage and grow your private practice with TheraNest. Simple to use for counselors, psychologists and other mental health professionals. Each file is in excel format and you can make any changes as per your company, client and manufacturer maintenance requirements. Click below link to download now. Subscribe to our blog and download free sample of method statements.
Preventive and predictive maintenance are essential parts of any facility management FM works. Predictive Maintenance This type of maintenance work helps the prevention of break down by predicting the maintenance activities by experience or as per manufacturer recommendations.
These inspections should be included in the work plan under the planned maintenance programs. How to Download Preventive Maintenance Package We are providing editable and customizable documents for pm maintenance management system, which will give you complete setup of building maintenance or Facility Management FM department.
Part 1: Editable standard maintenance procedures These maintenance procedures are covering roles and responsibilities and step wise guides including pictures as applicable. Chiller Complete Preventive Maintenance Plan 4.
0コメント